Ginsenoside - malonyl gisenoside Rb1, gisenoside Rb2, Rd - Rg3, ginsenoside Rf, 20(S)-pseudoginsenoside F11,

Various structure-similar plant secondary metabolites like ginseng saponins (ginsenosides) possess different or even totally opposite biological activities. A number of Panax ginseng species are available, each with its own set of ginsenosides. Ginseng and its components exert various biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, and anti-tumor activity.

Panax ginseng (Chinese ginseng)
Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng)
Panax notoginseng (Sanchi) has ginsenoside Rh4, ginsenoside Rh1, ginsenoside Re, notoginsenoside R1 , ginsenoside Rd ginsenoside Rh1, notoginsenoside S, notoginsenoside T.
Panax japonicus (Rhizoma Panacis Majoris)
Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng)

Ginsenoside Rb1 and burns
Effects of ginsenoside Rb1 at low doses on histamine, substance P, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in the burn wound areas during the process of acute burn wound repair.
Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Feb. Kawahira K, Sumiyoshi M, Sakanaka M, Kimura Y. Division of Functional Histology, Department of Functional Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
We reported recently that the facilitating effects of ginsenosid Rb1 on burn wound-healing might be due to the promotion of angiogenesis. Increased histamine, substance P (SP), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 levels caused inflammation, and pain following severe burn wound injury. We examined the effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on the histamine, SP, and MCP-1 levels in burn wound tissue during burn wound repair.  The facilitating actions of ginsenoside Rb(1) on burn wound healing may be due to the increase in histamine production via the increase in mast cell migration to the burn wound area induced by the rapid elevation of MCP-1.

Ginsenoside Rd and stroke
Efficacy and safety of ginsenoside-Rd for acute ischaemic stroke: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II multicenter trial.
Eur J Neurol. 2009 Feb 19. Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Shaanxi, China.
Ginsenoside-Rd is a selective competitive Ca(2+) receptor antagonist. A phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study was conducted to examine the efficacy and safety of ginsenoside-Rd in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. A total of 199 patients were randomized equally to receive a 14-day infusion of placebo (group B), ginsenoside-Rd 10 mg (group A) or ginsenoside-Rd 20 mg (group C). Primary end-points were National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores at 15 days. Secondary end-points were NIHSS scores and the Barthel Index at 8 days, the Barthel Index and the modified Rankin scale at 15 days and 90 days. For the primary study outcome, there is significant difference amongst the three groups at 15 days in NIHSS scores. Comparing group A with B and group B with C, the difference in the mean for NIHSS was significant in statistics. This is no significant difference between group A and C. For the secondary study outcome, ginsenoside-Rd did not improve neurological functioning. Incidence of serious and non-serious adverse events was similar amongst the three groups. Ginsenoside-Rd may be of some benefit in acute ischemic stroke.

Ginsenoside Rg1 and learning
Ginsenoside Rg1 restores the impairment of learning induced by chronic morphine administration in rats.
J Psychopharmacol. 2008 Feb. Neuroscience Program, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Ginsenoside Rg1 on learning impairment by chronic morphine administration and the mechanism responsibe for this effect. We conclude that Ginsenoside Rg1 may significantly improve the spatial learning capacity impaired by chronic morphine administration and restore the morphine-inhibited LTP. This effect is NMDA receptor dependent.

Ginsenoside Rg3
Selective toxicity of ginsenoside Rg3 on multidrug resistant cells by membrane fluidity modulation.
Arch Pharm Res. 2008 Feb. College of Pharmacy, SungKyunKwan University, Su-Won 440-746, Korea.
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major problem in cancer chemotherapy. It was previously reported that a red ginseng saponin, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 could modulate MDR in vitro and extend the survival of mice implanted with ADR-resistant murine leukemia P388 cells. This study examined the cytotoxicity of Ginsenoside Rg3 on normal and transformed cells, along with its effect on the membrane fluidity. The cytotoxicity study revealed that 120 microM of Ginsenoside Rg3 was cytotoxic against a multidrug-resistant human fibroblast carcinoma cell line, KB V20C, but not against normal WI 38 cells in vitro. These results clearly show that Ginsenoside Rg3 decreases the membrane fluidity thereby blocking drug efflux.

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